The correct answer is option D, confirmation bias.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to interpret data in a way that confirms the already designed hypotheses.
As the two scientists interpret the data (or experimental result) in different ways to adhere to the different hypotheses, this is indicative of cognitive bias. This is also called inductive reasoning where the premise is viewed as evidence for the validity of the conclusion.
This is an example of confirmation bias.
The term confirmation bias in experiment refer to a situation in which the experimental leans more towards evidences that confirm his/her hypothesis rather than evidences that disprove it.
This type of bias creates a sort of self fulfilling prophecy. The conclusions of the research merely echoes his/her believes and contrary evidences are not given proper consideration.
If two scientists carry out the same experiment having different hypothesis and arrive at different conclusions from the same experimental results; then each of them merely confirmed his/her beliefs without considering the experimental results fairly.
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