An air duct heater consists of an aligned array of electrical heating elements in which the longitudinal and transverse pitches are SL = ST = 24 mm. There are 3 rows of elements in the flow direction (NL = 3) and 4 elements per row (NT = 4). Atmospheric air with an upstream velocity of 12 m/s and a temperature of 25°C moves in cross-flow over the elements, which have a diameter of 12 mm, a length of 250 mm, and are maintained at a surface temperature of 350°C.

(A) Determine the total heat transfer to the air and the temperature of the air leaving the duct heater.

(B) Determine the pressure drop across the element bank and the fan power requirement.

(C) Compare the average convection coefficient obtained in your analysis with the value for an isolated (single) element. Explain the difference between the results.