To understand the experiment that led to the discovery of the photoelectric effect.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz investigated the phenomenon of light striking a metal surface, causing the ejection of electrons from the metal. The classical theory of electromagnetism predicted that the energy of the electrons ejected should have been proportional to the intensity of the light. However, Hertz observed that the energy of the electrons was independent of the intensity of the light. Furthermore, for low enough frequencies, no electrons were ejected, no matter how great the intensity of the light became. The following problem outlines the methods used to investigate this new finding in physics: the photoelectric effect.
Suppose there is a potential difference between the metal that ejects the electrons and the detection device, such that the detector is at a lower potential than the metal. The electrons slow down as they go from higher to lower electric potential; since they must overcome this potential difference to reach the detector, this potential is known as the stopping potential. To reach the detector, the initial kinetic energy of an ejected electron must be greater than or equal to the amount of energy it will lose by moving through the potential difference.
(A) If there is a potential difference V between the metal and the detector, what is the minimum energy E_min that an electron must have so that it will reach the detector?
Express your answer in terms of V and the magnitude of the charge on the electron, e.
(B) Suppose that the light carries energy E_light. What is the maximum stopping potential V_0 that can be applied while still allowing electrons to reach the detector?
Express your answer in terms e, E_light, and Φ.