The earth's surface tends to lose heat in winter. Which of the above cities would have the warmest average winter temperature? Why?
Since the sun is approximately 93 million miles from the earth and space has no temperature, how do we get heat from the sun?
How would the uneven energy absorption by different surfaces on earth (water, soil, snow, trees, sand, etc.) affect the atmosphere?

Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun, a small amount is absorbed by the atmosphere, a larger amount (about 30%) is reflected back to space by clouds and the Earth's surface, and most of it is absorbed at the planet surface and then released as heat.

Energy is transferred between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere in a variety of ways, including radiation, conduction, and convection.

Molecules of all substances, even solids, have random motion and therefore an associated kinetic energy and temperature. ... Completely empty space would have no temperature since there are no molecules there.

(this is not much but hope it helps u)