Constantinople (nowadays known as Istanbul) was the center of power of the Byzantine Empire (also known as Eastern Roman Empire), which was the remaining part of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages. In the year of 293 AD, Diocletian established a tetrarchy, along with Maximianus, Galerius and Constantius. After the abdication of Maximinianus, the tetrarchy collapsed and Constantine ascended to power, replacing it with the dynastic principle of hereditary succession. Due to its location among commercial routes, the new emperor chose the old city of Byzantium as the new imperial capital. In order to confirm Constantinople as the center of power, Constantine settled a series of building projects in the city. At first, he ornamented it with public monuments, which were worthy of an imperial metropolis. He imported columns, marbles, doors, tiles and pieces of art from other parts of the Empire to decorate the city and construct the public administration buildings; stimulated the construction of private buildings, by donating land to settlers, and finally, built the new Church of the Holy Apostles on the site of a temple to Aphrodite
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The six-month encampment of General George Washington's Continental Army at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778 was a major turning point in the American Revolutionary War. The defeats had led some members of the Continental Congress to want to replace Washington, believing he was incompetent. In January 1777, Washington had ordered mass inoculation of his troops, but a year later at Valley Forge, smallpox broke out again. An investigation uncovered that 3,000–4,000 troops had not received inoculations, despite having long-term enlistments. Washington's men were sick from disease, hunger, and exposure. The Continental Army camped in crude log cabins and endured cold conditions while the Redcoats warmed themselves in colonial homes. The patriots went hungry while the British soldiers ate well.
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