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Researchers wanted to determine if there was an association between daily apple consumption and the occurrence of breast cancerbreast cancer.The researchers looked at 94,559 women and asked them to report their appleapple​-eatingeating habits. The researchers also determined which of the women had IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer. After their​ analysis, the researchers concluded that consumption of two or more servings two or more servingsof Granny Smith applesGranny Smith apples per day was associated with a reduction in IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer.Complete parts​ (a) through​ (c) below.​(a) What type of observational study was​ this? Explain.A.This was a cohort study because it identified a group of individuals to participate in the study and observed the group over a long period of time.B.This was a​ cross-sectional study because all information about the individuals was collected at a specific point in time.C.This was a​ case-control study because individuals that had a certain characteristic were matched with those that did not.​(b) What is the response variable in the​ study? Is the response variable qualitative or​ quantitative? What is the explanatory​ variable?What is the response variable in the​ study? Is the response variable qualitative or​ quantitative?A.The response variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study who eat two or more servingstwo or more servingsofGranny Smith apples per day. The response variable is quantitative.B. The response variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples The response variable is quantitative.C.The response variable is whether the woman has IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer or not. The response variable is qualitative.D. The response variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study. The response variable is quantitative.What is the explanatory​ variable?A.The explanatory variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study.B.The explanatory variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study who eat two or more servings of Granny Smith apples per day.C.The explanatory variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples.D.The explanatory variable is whether the woman has DC breast cancerIDC breast canceror not.​(c) In their​ report, the researchers stated that​ "After adjusting for various demographic and lifestyle​ variables, daily consumption oftwo or more servingstwo or more servingswas associated with a​ 30% reduced prevalence of DC breast cancerI​."Why was it important to adjust for these​ variables?A.The researchers may be concerned with confounding that occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated or when there are some explanatory variables that were not considered in a​ study, but that affect the value of the response variable.B.The researchers wanted to ensure that the sample was large enough in order to perform inference.C.The researchers wanted to ensure that the study was representative of the entire​ population, so they were likely to adjust the responses to match actual data collected for the entire population.D.The researchers were sure that various demographic and lifestyle variables had greater influence than daily consumption oftwo or more servings.Expert Answe

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Answer:

(a)-  C.This was a​ case-control study because individuals that had a certain characteristic were matched with those that did not.

(b)- C.The response variable is whether the woman has IDC breast cancer or not. The response variable is qualitative.

(c)- C.The explanatory variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples.

(d)- D.The researchers were sure that various demographic and lifestyle variables had greater influence than daily consumption of two or more servings.

Step-by-step explanation:

In Cohort study the whole population is divided into small groups.

In the Cross-Sectional Study, we work on the sample ( a subset of the population) at a specific point of time.

In a case-control study, we keep all other factors constant except the variable we have to study.

Here all other factors like age, sugar patient, B.P. patients are kept constant.

Thus option (c) is correct.

The variable that we can change is called the Explanatory Variable.

The Response variable depends upon the explanatory variable, as we change the value of the explanatory variable the value of the response variable is also get changed.

When the data is in the form of numeric, it is called quantitative.

When the data is not in the numeric form, it is called qualitative.

Here in this study Researcher wants to determine the association between daily apple consumption and the occurrence of breast cancer.

So, the Occurrence of breast cancer depends on apple-eating habits.

Thus, Response Variable is Occurrence of breast Cancer

and, Explanatory Variable is apple-eating habits.

Thus, In (b) Option (C) is correct i.e. The response variable is whether the woman has IDC breast cancer or not. The response variable is qualitative.

In (c) Option (C) is correct i.e. The explanatory variable is the consumption of Granny Smith apples.

In (d) Option (D) is correct. i.e.The researchers were sure that various demographic and lifestyle variables had greater influence than the daily consumption of two or more servings.

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