Answer:
The idea 3) the "kinetic theory of matter".
Explanation:
The kinetic theory of matter states that matter comprises of huge amount of smaller particles which exhibit continuous movement due to which they have kinetic energy. The same concept is known by various other names such as Kinetic molecular theory of matter or kinetic theory of gases.
The Boyle's law gives the relation of pressure of ideal gas with its volume at constant temperature, whereas when the same relationship is explained in absolute temperature it is called Charles law. Archimedes' principle talks about the density of the liquid.
