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When the phone rings, Ella has learned that it might be another Telefund solicitation and that makes her feel anxious. Therefore before she answers the phone, she checks the caller ID. If it is indeed the Telefund calling, Ella will not answer the phone. In this way Ella manages to avoid the unpleasant Telefund calls. In this example, Ella's behavior illustrates _________________________.

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Answer:

The answer is two-factor model.

Explanation:

This model of learning was proposed by O. Hobart Mowrer in 1947. It tries to understand how phobias are developed and maintained. According to Mowrer, the avoidance of anxiety or fear-provking activities occurs due to the association of a neutral stimulus with a negative stimulus. A person might feel less anxious after avoiding a conflictive situation.

The two-factor model has its roots on operant conditioning theories by B.F. Skinner.