It spurred the rise of African-American activism, which laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
African-American unemployment rates doubled or tripled those of whites.
African Americans formed grassroots organizations, uniting for economic and political progress.
The African-American vote help elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, for the first time switching to the Democratic Party.
New Deal programs, however, still discriminated against African Americans.
