The heat from warm river waters draining into the Arctic Ocean is contributing to the melting of Arctic sea ice each summer, a new NASA study finds.

A research team led by Son Nghiem of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., used satellite data to measure the surface temperature of the waters discharging from a Canadian river into the icy Beaufort Sea during the summer of 2012. They observed a sudden influx of warm river waters into the sea that rapidly warmed the surface layers of the ocean, enhancing the melting of sea ice. A paper describing the study is now published online in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

—"Warm Rivers Play Role in Arctic Sea Ice Melt,"
NASA


Which details should be included in a summary about the passage? Check all that apply.

Warm water is melting the Arctic Sea ice.
The research team is led by Son Nghiem.
The sudden flow of warm waters into the sea are rapidly warming the ocean's surface.
A paper describing the study can be found online.
The journal is called Geophysical Research Letters.