Part (c)
We'll use this identity
[tex]\sin(x+y) = \sin(x)\cos(y) + \cos(x)\sin(y)\\\\[/tex]
to say
[tex]\sin(A+45) = \sin(A)\cos(45) + \cos(A)\sin(45)\\\\\sin(A+45) = \sin(A)\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \cos(A)\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\\\\sin(A+45) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)+\cos(A))\\\\[/tex]
Similarly,
[tex]\sin(A-45) = \sin(A + (-45))\\\\\sin(A-45) = \sin(A)\cos(-45) + \cos(A)\sin(-45)\\\\\sin(A-45) = \sin(A)\cos(45) - \cos(A)\sin(45)\\\\\sin(A-45) = \sin(A)\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \cos(A)\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\\\\sin(A-45) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)-\cos(A))\\\\[/tex]
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The key takeaways here are that
[tex]\sin(A+45) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)+\cos(A))\\\\\sin(A-45) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)-\cos(A))\\\\[/tex]
Therefore,
[tex]2\sin(A+45)*\sin(A-45) = 2*\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)+\cos(A))*\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin(A)-\cos(A))\\\\2\sin(A+45)*\sin(A-45) = 2*\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)^2\left(\sin^2(A)-\cos^2(A)\right)\\\\2\sin(A+45)*\sin(A-45) = 2*\frac{2}{4}\left(\sin^2(A)-\cos^2(A)\right)\\\\2\sin(A+45)*\sin(A-45) = \sin^2(A)-\cos^2(A)\\\\[/tex]
The identity is confirmed.
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Part (d)
[tex]\sin(x+y) = \sin(x)\cos(y) + \cos(x)\sin(y)\\\\\sin(45+A) = \sin(45)\cos(A) + \cos(45)\sin(A)\\\\\sin(45+A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos(A) + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin(A)\\\\\sin(45+A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)+\sin(A))\\\\[/tex]
Similarly,
[tex]\sin(45-A) = \sin(45 + (-A))\\\\\sin(45-A) = \sin(45)\cos(-A) + \cos(45)\sin(-A)\\\\\sin(45-A) = \sin(45)\cos(A) - \cos(45)\sin(A)\\\\\sin(45-A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos(A) - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin(A)\\\\\sin(45-A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)-\sin(A))\\\\[/tex]
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We'll square each equation
[tex]\sin(45+A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)+\sin(A))\\\\\sin^2(45+A) = \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)+\sin(A))\right)^2\\\\\sin^2(45+A) = \frac{1}{2}\left(\cos^2(A)+2\sin(A)\cos(A)+\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\\sin^2(45+A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)+\frac{1}{2}*2\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\\sin^2(45+A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)+\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\[/tex]
and
[tex]\sin(45-A) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)-\sin(A))\\\\\sin^2(45-A) = \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\cos(A)-\sin(A))\right)^2\\\\\sin^2(45-A) = \frac{1}{2}\left(\cos^2(A)-2\sin(A)\cos(A)+\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\\sin^2(45-A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)-\frac{1}{2}*2\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\\sin^2(45-A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)-\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\[/tex]
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Let's compare the results we got.
[tex]\sin^2(45+A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)+\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\\sin^2(45-A) = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)-\sin(A)\cos(A)+\frac{1}{2}\sin^2(A)\right)\\\\[/tex]
Now if we add the terms straight down, we end up with [tex]\sin^2(45+A)+\sin^2(45-A)[/tex] on the left side
As for the right side, the sin(A)cos(A) terms cancel out since they add to 0.
Also note how [tex]\frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A)+\frac{1}{2}\cos^2(A) = \cos^2(A)[/tex] and similarly for the sin^2 terms as well.
The right hand side becomes [tex]\cos^2(A)+\sin^2(A)[/tex] but that's always equal to 1 (pythagorean trig identity)
This confirms that [tex]\sin^2(45+A)+\sin^2(45-A) = 1[/tex] is an identity
