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Nutrition
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests (see Figure below).
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may causes illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Both parasitism and mutualism are classified as symbiotic relationships, but they are discussed separately here because of the different effect on the host.
The two different modes of nutrition of fungi are saprophytic mode, and symbiotic mode.
Fungi are the heterotrophic multicellular organisms. They get their nutrition from the carbon and nitrogen compounds in the environment.
What are the modes of nutrition for fungi?
The fungi derive its nutrition in two ways:
- The nutrition mode by the relying on the dead and decaying organism in the environment is saprophytic mode of nutrition.
The fungi release enzymes for the degradation of the complex dead materials, and obtain their energy.
The examples of fungi that undergo saprophytic mode of nutrition are Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus.
- Fungi undergoes symbiotic relationship by parasitism and mutualism for nutrition.
The fungi act as the parasite and obtain its food from feeding on other host. The example of parasitism is Endothia parasitica.
The fungi that lives in the symbiotic relationship with other organism for providing a substance in the return of food, lives in the symbiotic relationship.
The example of symbiotic relationship of fungi is Lichens with algae.
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