The process through which European settlers inhabited the areas of North, Central, and South America, as well as the Caribbean islands, is known as the "European colonization of the Americas."
There were no earthworms in Europe before colonization. The slowly decomposing leaves that blanketed the forest floors offered nourishment to young trees with shallow roots and several other plants that relied on nutrients close to the surface.
The ecology was further altered by other creatures brought in by the Europeans, such as pigs, cows, and sheep.
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