the same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. Proteins produced by different cells include cell-surface receptors and signalling pathway components.
As a result, they react differently to different ligands, and the second messengers activate different pathways. Signal integration can also alter the outcome of signalling. Second messengers are intracellular signalling molecules that the cell releases in response to extracellular signalling molecules, which are the first messengers. Second messengers induce cellular physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis, and depolarization.
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