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Answer:
In 1961, during the early years of NASA, the United States was still grappling with issues of racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the Southern states. While NASA itself was a government agency, societal attitudes and practices of that time often influenced the workplace. Here are some considerations:
Social Progressiveness in NASA (1961):
In the early 1960s, NASA was focused on the space race and the Apollo program, with the goal of putting a man on the moon. The primary emphasis was on technological achievements rather than social issues.
The organization was not immune to the racial tensions and segregation present in the broader society. African American individuals faced challenges and barriers in various aspects of life, including employment opportunities.
Jim Crow Etiquette at NASA:
The Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial segregation, were still in effect in some Southern states. These laws affected various aspects of life, including public facilities, schools, and workplaces.
At NASA, there were instances of segregated facilities and unequal treatment. This segregation extended to areas like restrooms, cafeterias, and workspaces.
African American employees often faced discrimination and limited opportunities for advancement within the organization.
Changes Over Time:
As the 1960s progressed, there were gradual changes in societal attitudes and laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, for example, aimed to end segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Within NASA, there was increasing awareness of the need for diversity and inclusivity. Efforts were made to address discriminatory practices and provide equal opportunities for all employees.
The appointment of leaders such as James Webb, who served as NASA Administrator from 1961 to 1968, marked a period of transition. While challenges persisted, there was a recognition of the need for change.
It's important to note that the movie "Hidden Figures," which depicts the experiences of African American women working at NASA during this time, sheds light on the struggles these individuals faced. The film portrays the dedication and contributions of these women while highlighting the racial and gender disparities prevalent in the workplace.
In summary, while NASA was not immune to the social norms and discriminatory practices of its time, there were efforts to evolve and become more inclusive over the course of the 1960s. The push for civil rights and societal changes influenced NASA's internal policies and practices, leading to a more diverse and equitable work environment over time.
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