Slave families:
a. were more common in the west indies, where living conditions favored their formation and survival.
b. were rare because there were too few female slaves.
c. avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties.
d. usually were able to stay together because most slaveowners were paternalistic.
e. were headed by women more frequently than were white families.