1. This refers to Anaphase I. This is the stage where the sister chromatids (homologues) are pulled apart to opposite sites of the cell. In this phase, centromeres (the part of the chromosome that keeps the sister chromatids together) do not split and the sister chromatids of each chromosome stay attached to one another. Anaphase I is part of meiosis I, a process that produces two haploid cells.
2. This refers to Anaphase II. In Anaphase II, contrary to anaphase I, centromeres split, and chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. It is the separation of the sister chromatids. Anaphase II is part meiosis II, a process that produces haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes.
3. This refers to the "cross-over". This process occurs in meiosis I, between prophase I and metaphase I. During this process, homologous chromosomes trade parts (genetic material), creating new allelic combinations in the newly created cells. During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes align with their pairs, link together at specific structures called chiasmata and then they trade parts.
4. This refers to diploid. A diploid cell is one that contains two sets of chromosomes, with each pair of chromosomes characterized as homologous chromosome set. A diploid organism contains two homologous copies of each chromosome in its cells (one from each parent). Humans are diploid organisms and the human somatic cells are diploid.
5. This refers to haploid. A haploid cell is one that contains half the diploid number of chromosomes, meaning a single set of chromosomes. Human germ cells, called gametes, are haploid cells and they are produced through a process called meiosis. There are some animals which are haploid, such as bees and ants.
