Let me handle just your first question. Here on Brainly, it's always best to ask one question at a time, not a set of multiple questions.
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) was a powerful promoter of Italian nationalism during the 19th century, at a time when the Italian peninsula was divided into many smaller entities. He founded the group known as Young Italy and was a major figure in the Italian unification movement known as "Risorgimento" ("rising again"). He was a strong voice calling for all Italians to unite together in a republic. Let me quote you a bit from Mazzini, an example of his persuasive style:
"I, believing in the mission entrusted by God to Italy, and the duty of every Italian to strive to attempt its fulfillment; convinced that where God has ordained that a nation shall be, he has given the requisite power to create it; that the people are the depositaries of that power, and that in its right direction for the people, and by the people, lies the secret of victory; convinced that virtue consists in action and sacrifice, and strength in union and constancy of purpose: I give my name to Young Italy, an association of men holding the same faith."
You might want to read another answer on Brainly that I posted recently about Mazzini. Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/8840051#readmore
